Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): Issue 5
Articles

Efficient Optical Character Recognition through Radial Basis Function

Emily Carter
School of Information Science, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia
Liam Wilson
Institute of Advanced Computing, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
Sophie Thompson
Centre for Photonic Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia

Published 2025-04-17

Keywords

  • Optical Character Recognition,
  • Document Digitization,
  • Text Mining,
  • Radial Basis Function Networks,
  • Image Processing Techniques

How to Cite

Jansen, A., Carter, E., Wilson, L., & Thompson, S. (2025). Efficient Optical Character Recognition through Radial Basis Function. Optimizations in Applied Machine Learning, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.71070/oaml.v5i1.140

Abstract

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a crucial technology for converting images of text into editable and searchable data. The increasing demand for efficient OCR systems in various fields, such as document digitization and text mining, highlights the significance of optimizing OCR processes. However, existing OCR methods often face challenges in accurately recognizing characters from distorted or low-quality images, limiting their practical applicability. In this context, this paper proposes a novel approach for efficient OCR based on Radial Basis Function (RBF) networks. By leveraging the capabilities of RBF networks in nonlinear mapping and pattern recognition, our method aims to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of character recognition tasks. The innovative framework introduced in this study combines the robustness of RBF networks with advanced image processing techniques to improve OCR performance, particularly in challenging image conditions. This research contributes to the optimization of OCR systems, offering a promising solution for enhancing the effectiveness of character recognition processes in real-world applications.

References

  1. M. Muthusundari et al., "Optical character recognition system using artificial intelligence," LatIA, 2024.
  2. M. Fujitake, "DTrOCR: Decoder-only Transformer for Optical Character Recognition," IEEE Workshop/Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, 2023.
  3. M. Li et al., "TrOCR: Transformer-based Optical Character Recognition with Pre-trained Models," AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2021.
  4. S. Alghyaline, "Arabic Optical Character Recognition: A Review," Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, 2023.
  5. J. Memon et al., "Handwritten Optical Character Recognition (OCR): A Comprehensive Systematic Literature Review (SLR)," IEEE Access, 2020.
  6. S. Srivastava et al., "Optical Character Recognition Techniques: A Review," 2022 IEEE International Students' Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS), 2022.
  7. S. Patil et al., "Enhancing Optical Character Recognition on Images with Mixed Text Using Semantic Segmentation," J. Sens. Actuator Networks, 2022.
  8. A. M. P. Ligsay et al., "Optical Character Recognition of Baybayin Writing System using YOLOv3 Algorithm," International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Engineering and Technology, 2022.
  9. X. Wang et al., "Intelligent Micron Optical Character Recognition of DFB Chip Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network," IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2022.
  10. C. Thorat et al., "A Detailed Review on Text Extraction Using Optical Character Recognition," ICT Analysis and Applications, 2022.
  11. Z. Li, "Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks are Radial Basis Function Networks," ArXiv, 2024.
  12. J. Park and I. Sandberg, "Universal Approximation Using Radial-Basis-Function Networks," Neural Computation, vol. 3, 1991.
  13. S.-L. Chen et al., "Orthogonal least squares learning algorithm for radial basis function networks," IEEE Trans. Neural Networks, vol. 2, 1991.
  14. A. Heidari et al., "A Secure Intrusion Detection Platform Using Blockchain and Radial Basis Function Neural Networks for Internet of Drones," IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 10, 2023.
  15. D. Zhang et al., "Hybrid Learning Algorithm of Radial Basis Function Networks for Reliability Analysis," IEEE Transactions on Reliability, vol. 70, 2021.
  16. C. She et al., "Battery Aging Assessment for Real-World Electric Buses Based on Incremental Capacity Analysis and Radial Basis Function Neural Network," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 16, 2020.
  17. M. F. Najafabadi et al., "Thermal analysis of a moving fin using the radial basis function approximation," Heat Transfer, vol. 50, 2021.
  18. Y. Zhou and F. Ding, "Modeling Nonlinear Processes Using the Radial Basis Function-Based State-Dependent Autoregressive Models," IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 27, 2020.
  19. S. Xiong, X. Chen, and H. Zhang, ‘‘Deep learning-based multifunctional end-to-end model for optical character classification and denoising,’’J. Comput. Methods Eng. Appl., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–13, Nov. 2023.
  20. Q. Zhu, ‘Autonomous Cloud Resource Management through DBSCAN-based unsupervised learning’, Optimizations in Applied Machine Learning, vol. 5, no. 1, Art. no. 1, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.71070/oaml.v5i1.112.
  21. S. Dan and Q. Zhu, ‘Enhancement of data centric security through predictive ridge regression’, Optimizations in Applied Machine Learning, vol. 5, no. 1, Art. no. 1, May 2025, doi: 10.71070/oaml.v5i1.113.
  22. S. Dan and Q. Zhu, ‘Highly efficient cloud computing via Adaptive Hierarchical Federated Learning’, Optimizations in Applied Machine Learning, vol. 5, no. 1, Art. no. 1, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.71070/oaml.v5i1.114.
  23. Q. Zhu and S. Dan, ‘Data Security Identification Based on Full-Dimensional Dynamic Convolution and Multi-Modal CLIP’, Journal of Information, Technology and Policy, 2023.
  24. Q. Zhu, ‘An innovative approach for distributed cloud computing through dynamic Bayesian networks’, Journal of Computational Methods in Engineering Applications, 2024.
  25. Z. Luo, H. Yan, and X. Pan, ‘Optimizing Transformer Models for Resource-Constrained Environments: A Study on Model Compression Techniques’, Journal of Computational Methods in Engineering Applications, pp. 1–12, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.62836/jcmea.v3i1.030107.
  26. H. Yan and D. Shao, ‘Enhancing Transformer Training Efficiency with Dynamic Dropout’, Nov. 05, 2024, arXiv: arXiv:2411.03236. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2411.03236.
  27. H. Yan, ‘Real-Time 3D Model Reconstruction through Energy-Efficient Edge Computing’, Optimizations in Applied Machine Learning, vol. 2, no. 1, 2022.
  28. Y. Shu, Z. Zhu, S. Kanchanakungwankul, and D. G. Truhlar, ‘Small Representative Databases for Testing and Validating Density Functionals and Other Electronic Structure Methods’, J. Phys. Chem. A, vol. 128, no. 31, pp. 6412–6422, Aug. 2024, doi: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c03137.
  29. C. Kim, Z. Zhu, W. B. Barbazuk, R. L. Bacher, and C. D. Vulpe, ‘Time-course characterization of whole-transcriptome dynamics of HepG2/C3A spheroids and its toxicological implications’, Toxicology Letters, vol. 401, pp. 125–138, 2024.
  30. J. Shen et al., ‘Joint modeling of human cortical structure: Genetic correlation network and composite-trait genetic correlation’, NeuroImage, vol. 297, p. 120739, 2024.
  31. K. F. Faridi et al., ‘Factors associated with reporting left ventricular ejection fraction with 3D echocardiography in real‐world practice’, Echocardiography, vol. 41, no. 2, p. e15774, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1111/echo.15774.
  32. Z. Zhu, ‘Tumor purity predicted by statistical methods’, in AIP Conference Proceedings, AIP Publishing, 2022.
  33. Z. Zhao, P. Ren, and Q. Yang, ‘Student self-management, academic achievement: Exploring the mediating role of self-efficacy and the moderating influence of gender insights from a survey conducted in 3 universities in America’, Apr. 17, 2024, arXiv: arXiv:2404.11029. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2404.11029.
  34. Z. Zhao, P. Ren, and M. Tang, ‘Analyzing the Impact of Anti-Globalization on the Evolution of Higher Education Internationalization in China’, Journal of Linguistics and Education Research, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 15–31, 2022.
  35. M. Tang, P. Ren, and Z. Zhao, ‘Bridging the gap: The role of educational technology in promoting educational equity’, The Educational Review, USA, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 1077–1086, 2024.
  36. P. Ren, Z. Zhao, and Q. Yang, ‘Exploring the Path of Transformation and Development for Study Abroad Consultancy Firms in China’, Apr. 17, 2024, arXiv: arXiv:2404.11034. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2404.11034.
  37. P. Ren and Z. Zhao, ‘Parental Recognition of Double Reduction Policy, Family Economic Status And Educational Anxiety: Exploring the Mediating Influence of Educational Technology Substitutive Resource’, Economics & Management Information, pp. 1–12, 2024.
  38. Z. Zhao, P. Ren, and M. Tang, ‘How Social Media as a Digital Marketing Strategy Influences Chinese Students’ Decision to Study Abroad in the United States: A Model Analysis Approach’, Journal of Linguistics and Education Research, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 12–23, 2024.
  39. Z. Zhao and P. Ren, ‘Identifications of Active Explorers and Passive Learners Among Students: Gaussian Mixture Model-Based Approach’, Bulletin of Education and Psychology, vol. 5, no. 1, Art. no. 1, May 2025.
  40. Z. Zhao and P. Ren, ‘Prediction of Student Answer Accuracy based on Logistic Regression’, Bulletin of Education and Psychology, vol. 5, no. 1, Art. no. 1, Feb. 2025.
  41. Z. Zhao and P. Ren, ‘Prediction of Student Disciplinary Behavior through Efficient Ridge Regression’, Bulletin of Education and Psychology, vol. 5, no. 1, Art. no. 1, Mar. 2025.
  42. Z. Zhao and P. Ren, ‘Random Forest-Based Early Warning System for Student Dropout Using Behavioral Data’, Bulletin of Education and Psychology, vol. 5, no. 1, Art. no. 1, Apr. 2025.
  43. P. Ren and Z. Zhao, ‘Recognition and Detection of Student Emotional States through Bayesian Inference’, Bulletin of Education and Psychology, vol. 5, no. 1, Art. no. 1, May 2025.
  44. P. Ren and Z. Zhao, ‘Support Vector Regression-based Estimate of Student Absenteeism Rate’, Bulletin of Education and Psychology, vol. 5, no. 1, Art. no. 1, Jun. 2025.
  45. G. Zhang and T. Zhou, ‘Finite Element Model Calibration with Surrogate Model-Based Bayesian Updating: A Case Study of Motor FEM Model’, IAET, pp. 1–13, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.62836/iaet.v3i1.232.
  46. G. Zhang, W. Huang, and T. Zhou, ‘Performance Optimization Algorithm for Motor Design with Adaptive Weights Based on GNN Representation’, Electrical Science & Engineering, vol. 6, no. 1, Art. no. 1, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.30564/ese.v6i1.7532.
  47. T. Zhou, G. Zhang, and Y. Cai, ‘Unsupervised Autoencoders Combined with Multi-Model Machine Learning Fusion for Improving the Applicability of Aircraft Sensor and Engine Performance Prediction’, Optimizations in Applied Machine Learning, vol. 5, no. 1, Art. no. 1, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.71070/oaml.v5i1.83.
  48. Y. Tang and C. Li, ‘Exploring the Factors of Supply Chain Concentration in Chinese A-Share Listed Enterprises’, Journal of Computational Methods in Engineering Applications, pp. 1–17, 2023.
  49. C. Li and Y. Tang, ‘Emotional Value in Experiential Marketing: Driving Factors for Sales Growth–A Quantitative Study from the Eastern Coastal Region’, Economics & Management Information, pp. 1–13, 2024.
  50. C. Li and Y. Tang, ‘The Factors of Brand Reputation in Chinese Luxury Fashion Brands’, Journal of Integrated Social Sciences and Humanities, pp. 1–14, 2023.
  51. C. Y. Tang and C. Li, ‘Examining the Factors of Corporate Frauds in Chinese A-share Listed Enterprises’, OAJRC Social Science, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 63–77, 2023.
  52. W. Huang, T. Zhou, J. Ma, and X. Chen, ‘An ensemble model based on fusion of multiple machine learning algorithms for remaining useful life prediction of lithium battery in electric vehicles’, Innovations in Applied Engineering and Technology, pp. 1–12, 2025.
  53. W. Huang and J. Ma, ‘Predictive Energy Management Strategy for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Soft Actor-Critic’, Energy & System, vol. 5, no. 1, 2025.
  54. J. Ma, K. Xu, Y. Qiao, and Z. Zhang, ‘An Integrated Model for Social Media Toxic Comments Detection: Fusion of High-Dimensional Neural Network Representations and Multiple Traditional Machine Learning Algorithms’, Journal of Computational Methods in Engineering Applications, pp. 1–12, 2022.
  55. W. Huang, Y. Cai, and G. Zhang, ‘Battery Degradation Analysis through Sparse Ridge Regression’, Energy & System, vol. 4, no. 1, Art. no. 1, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.71070/es.v4i1.65.
  56. Z. Zhang, ‘RAG for Personalized Medicine: A Framework for Integrating Patient Data and Pharmaceutical Knowledge for Treatment Recommendations’, Optimizations in Applied Machine Learning, vol. 4, no. 1, 2024.
  57. Z. Zhang, K. Xu, Y. Qiao, and A. Wilson, ‘Sparse Attention Combined with RAG Technology for Financial Data Analysis’, Journal of Computer Science Research, vol. 7, no. 2, Art. no. 2, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.30564/jcsr.v7i2.8933.
  58. P.-M. Lu and Z. Zhang, ‘The Model of Food Nutrition Feature Modeling and Personalized Diet Recommendation Based on the Integration of Neural Networks and K-Means Clustering’, Journal of Computational Biology and Medicine, vol. 5, no. 1, 2025.
  59. Y. Qiao, K. Xu, Z. Zhang, and A. Wilson, ‘TrAdaBoostR2-based Domain Adaptation for Generalizable Revenue Prediction in Online Advertising Across Various Data Distributions’, Advances in Computer and Communication, vol. 6, no. 2, 2025.
  60. K. Xu, Y. Gan, and A. Wilson, ‘Stacked Generalization for Robust Prediction of Trust and Private Equity on Financial Performances’, Innovations in Applied Engineering and Technology, pp. 1–12, 2024.
  61. A. Wilson and J. Ma, ‘MDD-based Domain Adaptation Algorithm for Improving the Applicability of the Artificial Neural Network in Vehicle Insurance Claim Fraud Detection’, Optimizations in Applied Machine Learning, vol. 5, no. 1, 2025.